Fig. 1

Characterization of the DuckCelt®-T17 culture process performed using reference operating conditions from [20] in a 3 L stirred bioreactor. Time evolution of cell growth (solid line) and viability percentage (dotted line) (a), of the concentration of metabolites involved in glutaminolysis (b) and glycolysis (c). Gln: glutamine (solid line); NH₄⁺: ammonium (dotted line); Glc: glucose (solid line); Lac: lactate (dotted line). Results are presented as means ± SD (n = 3)