Fig. 4

Monitoring bacterial growth using the new sensor system. The permittivity values are normalized to 0–1 scale with S. aureus curve final value. The permittivity values in figure (B & C) are normalized to 0–1 scale with E.coli ASV curve final value. A Growth curve of E. coli MG1655, S. aureus ALC2085, and P. aeruginosa PAO1 in the sensor system over 3.5 h with permittivity measured at 5-min intervals. B Growth of E. coli MG1655 (wild-type) with and without 100 µg/mL ampicillin treatment. C Growth of E. coli MG1655 ASV (ampicillin resistant strain) with and without ampicillin treatment