Fig. 2
Fluorescence images of intracellular ROS and RNS generation in A hBMSCs and B nHDF cell lines after 6 h of NBP treatment at 4 and 7 min, respectively, untreated as control, H2O2 (100 µM) as the positive control. ROS and RNS were detected in cells using H2DCFDA and DAF-FM assay kits (scale bars: 90 μm). The confocal pixel intensity was quantified using the ImageJ software as follows: C hBMSCs and D nHDF cell lines. The hBMSCs were cultivated without an osteogenic inductive medium and data were presented as fold-change normalized to the pixel intensity level of the control. E Flow cytometer histogram H2DCFDA-stained hBMSCs. The relative intensity of intracellular ROS concentration in hBMSCs was obtained by flow cytometer after 6 h of NBP treatment for 4 and 7 min, untreated as control, with H2O2 (100 µM) as the positive control. The mean and standard deviation values are used to represent the experimental results. The statistical significance of the data points was assessed using the student’s t-test, and significant differences were indicated by *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs the untreated control