Fig. 3

The influence of NBP on osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. The cytotoxicity of A hBMSCs and B nHDF cell lines after NBP exposure times of 1, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 20 min, respectively. C Representative images of hBMSCs and nHDF cell morphology were observed under the light microscope. D and F Representative images of Ca deposition in hBMSCs via Alizarin Red Staining at days 4 and 7 under the light microscope. Scale bars, 100 µm. E and G Quantified areas of ARS staining measured by ImageJ software. The mean and standard deviation values are used to represent the experimental results. The statistical significance of the data points was assessed using the student’s t-test, and significant differences were indicated by *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs the untreated control