Fig. 1

Optimization of supercooling preservation conditions. A Experimental steps for engineered supercooling preservation. B-D Temperature profiles during cooling for different baseplate materials, the temperature recorded at blood bag top, middle and bottom position with a wrap-copper B), glass C), styrofoam D) during the whole cooling process. E Effect of different thermal conductivity material as wrap-baseplate on the cooling rate analysis. F Temperature fluctuations and stability analysis for copper, glass, and styrofoam wraps. G Freezing frequency across various subzero temperatures. Freezing frequencies of 100 ml pRBCs suspensions sealed by 8 ml paraffin oil with different wrap-baseplate, stored under different temperatures (-8, -9, -10, -11, -12 and -13 °C) for 2 days, per group tested once with 10 replicate samples (N = 10). H Temperature Profile During Supercooling Preservation. I Illustration of temperature heat transfer for supercooling preservation. slower cooling rate to the supercooling temperature and minimal temperature fluctuations during storage contribute to supercooling preservation