Table 1 Summary of metabolic engineering strategies for free fatty acid production in yeasts

Yarrowia lipolytica

Overexpression of DGA2, TGL4 and KlTGL3; deletion of FAA1 and MFE1

YNB, glucose

2.8 g/L (batch), 10.4 g/L (fed-batch)

C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2

[27]

Overexpression of RnTEII; deletion of DGA1, DGA2, LRO1, ARE1, FAA1 and MFE1

YNB, glucose

3 g/L (batch)

C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2

[27]

Overexpression of truncated hFAS-EcTesA′

YNB, glucose

1.3 g/L (batch), 9.67 g/L (fed-batch)

C12:0 (7.5%), C14:0 (29.2%), C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2

[24]

Overexpression of ACC1; deletion of GPD1, GUT2 and PEX10

YNB, glycerol and glucose

2 g/L (batch)

C16:0 (9.6%), C16:1 (9.8%), C18:0 (6.9%), C18:1 (46.7%), C18:2 (20.4%), C20:0 (0.7%), C22:0 (0.7%), C24:0 (4.1%)

[23]

Overexpression of MaC16E, CDS1, PSD1, CHO2, OPI3, and CpFAH12; deletion of MEF1, PEX10, FAD2, PAH1, APP1, MHY1, and DGA1

YNBR, glucose

2 g/L (batch)

C18:1-OH, (74%), C18:2 (11%), C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1 (15%)

[28]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Overexpression of ACC1, FAS1, FAS2 and ‘TesA; deletion of PXA2, POX1, FAA1 and FAA4

MM, glucose

400 mg/L (batch)

C12:0 (2.7%), C14:0 (9.4%), C16:0 (47.0%), C16:1 (19.3%), C18:0 (10.4%), C18:1 (10.7%)

[25]

Overexpression of ACOT5; deletion of FAA1 and FAA4

YNBD, glucose

500 µg/ml (batch)

C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1

[21]

Overexpression of DGA1 and TGL3; deletion of FAA1, FAA2, FAA4, FAT1, PXA1 and POX1

YPD, glucose

2.2 g/L (batch)

C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1

[29]

Overexpression of CTP1, RtME, MDH3, MmACL, RtFAS, ACC1 and ‘TesA; deletion of HFD1, FAA1, FAA4 and POX1

MM, glucose

1 g/l (batch), 10.4 g/l (fed-batch)

C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1

[22]

Overexpression of the cPDH and GapN; and deletion of GPD1, GPD2, PAH1, LPP1, DPP1 and ARE1

MM, glucose

840.5 mg/L (batch)

C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1

[20]

Overexpression of FDH and CBBm

MM, CO₂, formate, and glucose

10.1 g/L (fed-batch)

C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1

[30]

Overexpression of ACS and FDH

MM, acetate, glucose and formate

6.6 g/l (fed-batch)

C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1

[31]

Starmerella bombicola

Deletion of FAA1 and MFE2

Lang production media, glucose

0.933 g/L (batch)

C16:0 (13.2%), C18:0 (40%), C18:1 (43.8%)

[32]

Pichia pastoris

Overexpression of MmACL, DAS2, XFPK, ScIDP2 and PTA; deletion of FAA1 and FAA2

MM, methanol

5.1 g/L (batch), 23.4 g/L (fed-batch)

C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2

[15]

Ogataea polymorpha

Overexpression of FBP1, RPE, MmACL, ZWF1, ScIDP2, AOX1, DAS and DAK; deletion of FAA1, LPL1 and IZH3

MM, methanol

15.9 g/L (fed-batch)

C16:0 (30–40%), C16:1 (< 5%), C18:0 (< 5%), C18:1 (20–30%), C18:2 (30–40%)

[16]